ICT in society Essay

Introduction: ICT is a major part of my life, many jobs require ICT skills, therefore, computers are becoming increasingly more useful to me, they are fantastic for work, school, or just for fun. Just about everything can be done on a computer, and just about anywhere in the world! I could write an essay, sell some old pyjamas, talk to a friend on the other side of the world or even order a pizza! In this assignment I will be focusing on 6 features of the computer, which I use in everyday life. These are: * Music downloads * Word processing * Online Gaming * Personal spaces/websites * Online Auctions * Instant messaging Technology P/S/WR Where used Category Limewirre Personal Home Entertainment Microsoft Word Personal + Work Home and school Education Online games Personal Home Entertainment Myspace Personal/Social Home Social Ebay.com Personal Home Shopping MSN messenger Social Home/School Social For people of my generation, you would find it hard to find a job in which you don’t need ICT skills, as in the next 10 years, I think all jobs will rely on computing. 20, even 10 years ago you would of found it very easy to find a job that doesn’t require computing skills, as computers were rarer, a lot less advanced and a lot more expensive than they are now! Most people in England of my age have been bought up with computers therefore we would find them a lot easier to use, and perhaps a lot less daunting than some older people. However I think we take it all for granted. There are many millions of children around the globe that haven’t had the opportunity to be educated on computers many have never even seen one! The way in which I use ICT at home and at school. Music Downloads: Home personal CD’s have not always been the leading music medium, there have been many other ways to listen to music, including, Vinyl discs, cassettes and wax cylinders. However since their introduction in 1982 CD’s remained the most popular source of music up until around 7 years ago when Napster (a music swapping site) was released. Music download software has been ever evolving since then, and is now commonly used all over the world. Music downloads allow you to get access to millions of songs right in front of you, whenever you want. You can buy songs off itunes (the world’s biggest online music store) for 79p each. However many illegal software’s have been produced, this way you can get your songs for free, but you could face a big fine. i used to use a P2P sharing software called Limewire, but I later realised that I was downloading my files illegally, and the quality of songs was of a low standard. However I opted for my own files not to be shared, this way nobody could access the files on my computer.. I could receive pretty much any song/file I want at a touch of a button. The speed of download depends on how fast my Internet connection is, how fast the source of the file’s Internet connection is and how large the file itself is. A song can take anything from 30 seconds to many hours. This programme is illegal as you are breaching the copyright law. However copyright for a song only lasts for 50 years, so if I was wishing to download a song more than 50 years old, it is legal to download this song without having to purchase it. It is not only music that I could download from Limewire, I could download, PowerPoint presentations, word documents, films, Internet pages, pictures and many more. MP3 files are the most commonly used form of digital music, and this is what I use. I have an Ipod, and MP3 files are the only digital format it recognises. There are many other file sharing programmes other than Limewire, including, Napster, Aries and Bareshare. I did not only use the songs I downloaded from Limewire for putting onto my ipod, but I occasionally made compilation CD’s, where I downloaded various songs and burned them all onto a CD using Windows Media Player or iTunes. The advantages of using illegal P2P software such as Limewire * Files I download are 100% free * There is generally a bigger range of files on programmes such as Limewire * I do not have to enter any bank details The disadvantages of using illegal P2P software such as Limewire * You could face a hefty fine * Most songs come without album covers/artwork * Files are more likely to be corrupt * Viruses are spread through programmes such as Limewire * I may not always get what I ask for, e.g. the song I want may be cut short, or maybe the wrong song entirely! Word processing: Home personal and school personal. Of all the things you can do on a computer word processing is one of the most frequently used. Before computers were around you would have to use a typewriter or even just pen and paper. But as technology has evolved so has the way in which letters, essays, and books e.t.c. are written. I use word processing at home and at school, at home mostly for bits of homework, and at school for school-work, mainly in ICT or sometimes we would go down to the ICT rooms to visit websites related to various subjects and then we would have to write a report on that website, using Microsoft Word. I find Word processing incredibly easy, all you need is a keyboard, the software, and of course a computer! Every letter you type on the keyboard will then be displayed on the monitor. I have used Microsoft Word (a word processing software) for this piece of coursework. Microsoft word is by far the worlds favourite word processor and now comes as standard with most computers you buy. Not only can you type on a word processor but you can, add pictures, format fonts (the size, colour, style†¦), spell check, mail merge, draw and lots more†¦ After having written a document on Microsoft Word it is best to check it for spelling and grammatical mistakes, you can do this by using the spell check tool, just press F7 or click the button at the top of your screen. This will then go through all the mistakes it recognises and will give suggestions on how to correct them. You can accept the change by clicking â€Å"change† or ignore the change by clicking â€Å"ignore† However, spell check does have its downsides, if I was to write â€Å"when are you going to right your essay?† spell check would not pick up that I have written â€Å"right† instead of write. Therefore, I have to be extra careful and always proofread my work after I have performed a spell check. Since I got my computer around six years ago, my awareness of the keyboard has become greater. This has increased the speed in which I write a document and I now feel that I can type a document or letter quicker than I can write it with a pen. I also feel if I was to make a mistake on a letter written in pen on paper, then I would have to start again, where as if I make a mistake whilst writing a letter on the computer I can easily correct it using the keyboard or spell check, without it looking a mess. Advantages of using a word processor such as MS word * Word processed documents look neater than pen written documents * Spell check facilities are available without having to start your work again * There are many fonts available, so you can format your work depending on how you want it to look * You can insert pictures easily * If you loose a document you only have to print it off again, instead of writing it again. Disadvantages of using a word processor such as MS word * Work can be lost if your computer crashes * Spell checkers do not always pick up mistakes Online Gaming: Home personal and Home social. Games have been around for millions of years, you can play games outside, inside, on your own or in a group. There are many different sorts of games, board games, video games or simple games like hide and seek. In this part of this assignment I am going to be talking about online gaming, an aspect of the Internet of which has boomed within the last 5 years. Online gaming has made an incredible rise; today it is one of the major aspects of the Internet. There are hundreds of websites around offering games, some free and some you have to pay for. Children can play these games and so can adults, no matter how old you are or what your hobby is, there’s a game out there somewhere for you, in that big wide world of the Internet. You can play games to win money, or just to have fun and be placed on the leader board. Some of these games are for download and many of them you can play on a website, games that are strictly for download are often better or bigger than games on a website. Some games including World Of War Craft have over 10million players! These aren’t all children, millions of these are adults, games like this are appealing as they let you play the role of a character. I can chat, make friends or just fight against an enemy. Online gaming is not just available on a PC but on other games consoles such as the Xbox or the Playstation. Many games released for these consoles include services such as Netplay (a online service provided by Sony’s Paystation) or Xbox Live (an online service provided by Microsoft’s Xbox). These services allow me to play my game as usual, but I can also log into the appropriate service and play the exact same game but against millions of people all over the globe. I can speak to them through a headset or chat to them via a keyboard. Advantages / Disadvantages bookmakers such as Ladbrokes and William Hill have provided online gambling sites that allow you to win money via betting or having a game of poker without having to step out of your front door. I have not experienced any gambling websites and I am underage 18 (the legal age for gambling.) Not all online gaming sites offer cash prizes however. Sites such as miniclip.com offer free, harmless, gaming fun, for people of all ages. â€Å"Miniclip† is proud to host over 400 online games fitting in to 17 categories. â€Å"Miniclip† has multiplayer games or single player games that I play by myself. Multiplayer games can either be played against people around the world, or against a friend sharing the same keyboard as me, but using different control keys. Computer outlets have now brought out special game related hardware (controllers) for specific online games, as some of these online games have grown so big! I believe that within that next 5-10 years there will be no need to buy games consoles, as computers will have them already built in, and all gaming will be done via a computer. Personal spaces/websites: Home personal and Home social. 15 years ago it was a privilege for a large company to have a website, as they cost a lot of money to design and the Internet world was just beginning. In this day and age almost anybody can get a website, you can pay or even get one for free. Personal website hosts, such as myspace and msn offer free personal websites, for you to basically advertise yourself. Myspace the world’s most popular personal space host has almost 200million members, and there is more signing up everyday. Whether you are an amateur musician or just a member of the public, myspace will have specific designs for you. Many musicians’ careers are started via myspace, for example the arctic monkeys, they made a profile on myspace and just a year later they had the UK’s fastest selling album ever! Myspace has now become more of a fashion statement; most celebrities even have a Myspace profile. On myspace I can add other profiles as my â€Å"friends† so basically the more profiles I add, the more â€Å"friends† you have. These friends appear on my profile, I can either choose to display 4,8,16 or 24 â€Å"top friends† or not show any at all. I can add anybody to be my friend, but I can restrict whom I want to be my friend by putting a block against people that don’t know me. I can chat to others via â€Å"comments† or message others via â€Å"messages†, each comment I send to someone is displayed on their profile, but only the last fifty are directly displayed. I can personalise my profile using layouts supplied by other websites, I can add songs, videos, games and pictures. To start with, my myspace domain is displayed as my myspace â€Å"friendID† but as I join I have the option to change it to a personalised domain. Myspace has many features that are designed to entertain the public, and its growth has been inspiring to many other websites of its kind. I find myspace very useful, as I can visit friend’s profiles, and chat to them via comments, messages and even myspace instant messenger. I live quite far away from school, so it is more awkward for me to visit friends after school time, however I can keep in touch with them via myspace. Online Auctions: Home personal Most people have been to an auction at one point in their life, whether it be to bid for an item or just to experience what an auction is like. Along with pretty much everything, auctions have been transferred onto the Internet, websites such as Ebay.co.uk offer online auctions, and sell thousands of products everyday. Ebay is not the only website offering this service, but it is the one I am going to write about as both my family and I use it. Ebay has grown from a small business, to one of the worlds most frequently used/visited websites. As long as you have an account with Ebay you can buy or sell almost any product you wish (within the law of course). Some products sell for 1p and some for hundreds of thousands of pounds. I can find everything on Ebay, useless or useful, from a chocolate bar wrapper, to a luxury villa in Florida. However Ebay not only supports auctioning, but I can buy items at fixed prices as well, this service is called â€Å"buy it now†, in many cases the seller may include both a â€Å"but it now† and an auction. If the buyer wanted an item there and then, then they would choose â€Å"buy it now†, although the price is normally a bit higher than that of the auction. Another service has also recently come into action, which is basically a service where I can buy the item for a fixed price or if this was a bit to expensive for me, I could enter an amount that the I would consider to buy it for, if the seller accepts, the item is mine for the price i suggested. Ebay offer lots of services to determine how many hits your auction will get, these are optional but will cost extra, as it is likely that your product will fetch a greater amount of money. Ebay is a great service however it is not 100% free, they charge a listing fee for every item I put on Ebay of 12p plus any extra charges I want to include this include. * Gallery pictures – Add a small version of your selected picture to search results * Gallery plus – Display a larger picture in search results when buyers mouse over â€Å"Enlarge†. Free Gallery Picture included. * Subtitle – Display a larger picture in search results when buyers mouse over â€Å"Enlarge†. Free Gallery Picture included. * Highlight – Make your listing stand out in search results with a brightly-coloured band * Plus many more Ebay is available in 27 different countries, each website being adapted for each country. Not everybody makes a profit on Ebay, either because their item may not sell. If I wanted to I can decide to donate a percentage or all of my profits to charity. Ebay have grown so big and so successful that they even have shops located all around the UK which offer a pawning service, if you take items into the shops they will offer an amount to buy that item off you The advantages of using an online auction site such as Ebay. * I can purchase an item on the click of a button. * The item is advertised to millions of people worldwide. The advantages of using an online auction site such as Ebay. * Your goods may be faulty * Your good may not turn up * Your computer may crash. Instant Messaging: Home social Instant messaging is nothing new; the telephone has always been a quick way of getting a message to a friend. However with the world moving onto computers so has instant messaging, for the last ten years now, Windows has provided a computer based instant messaging service. It involves downloading a software (however, this comes as standard with most computers) called windows messenger. All I need to be able to use this software is an msn or hotmail email address. Many other companies followed in windows footsteps and also released instant messaging programmes, including Yahoo and AOL (America Online) I personally use Windows Live Messenger, an update of Windows Messenger. And it helps me to keep in touch with friends and family after school, I prefer using this to using the phone as messenger is free, where as you have to pay to use the phone. You can only speak to or message someone if they are on your contact list, for someone to be on your contact list you have to have had added their email address and waited for them to accept your â€Å"invitation†. I can not only message people using text on messenger, but I can even draw using an additional feature than windows provides with its software. Or if none of these appeal to me, I could even chat to them using my microphone and watch them, if I/they have a web-cam. When I sign in to windows live messenger I have the option to appear: * Offline * Busy * Be right back * In a call * Away * Out to lunch * Or online This can determine whether people speak to me or not, as sometimes when I sign in to messenger I am bombarded by people wanting to chat to me, this can get very frustrating as it is hard to speak to more than one person at a time. Messenger gives you the option to save your â€Å"ChatLogs†, â€Å"ChatLogs† are a record of a conversation I have on msn, so if I forgot what I said to somebody I could simply check my â€Å"ChatLogs† which are saved in a folder of my choice. I do not have to keep my conversation window up all the time, I can minimize it, and every time someone messages me it will flash orange at the bottom of my screen. This is handy as if I was writing a document at the same time as chatting to a friend, I would not have to keep the conversation window open. Contacts recognise by the display name I chose, and the display picture I chose, my display name could be anything I wish, but may only contain numbers and letters. My display picture may also be anything I wish, but animated pictures will not work. Computers affect my life a great deal, without them I would not be able to complete work to the standard which I do so at the moment. I use computers almost everyday for homework, I not only use the features I have mentioned but many other programmes/features as well, which help me in completing and presenting my work. At school I study ICT and I am constantly learning new things, and my understanding of computers is forever broadening.

The Great Gatsby’s American Dream

The Great Gatsby's American Dream Corrupption â€Å"There are those, I know, who will reply that the liberation of humanity, the freedom of man and. mind, is nothing but a dream. They are right. It is. It is the American Dream. † (Archibald MacLeish). This quote talks about how the American Dream is only a dream. The American is a life of personal happiness and material comfort, and is traditionally sought by the individuals in the U. S. It is only a fantasy. Author F. Scott Fitzgerald shows a great example of the causes and affects the American Dream has on people during the 1920s in his novel, The Great Gatsby.Fitzgerald explains that the American Dream is unattainable through the characters and their actions and the symbolism throughout the novel. In the novel Fitzgerald indicates that the American Dream is unachievable through Gatsby’s unrealistic image of the dream. Gatsby has been in love with daisy for years and spent his life proving that he was worthy enough fo r her to leave her husband and take him back. Gatsby believed money could substitute for time: â€Å"Can’t repeat the past? [†¦]why of course you can[†¦] I’m going to fix everything just the way it was before[†¦]shell see†(Fitzgerald 117).Although Gatsby recreated his past environment with money, he could not recreate the past feelings that were destroyed by time. Gatsby’s dream is bigger than himself. Critic Casie E. Hermanson writes: â€Å"it is the attempt itself and the firm belief that he can achieve the impossible that makes Gatsby more than the sum of his reality† (Hermanson 78). Gatsby’s dream was more than his own reality. It was too big of a dream for him which is why he was not able to achieve it. After Gatsby’s was killed nick realizes that Gatsby’s dream of the East Egg was not all that it was set out to be.Nick says: â€Å"After Gatsby’s death the East was haunted for me like that, distorted beyond my eyes’ power of correction† (Fitzgerald 185). Nick later on in the novel realizes that Gatsby’s dream of the east was corrupt and it wasn’t as great as it was thought to be. Gatsby’s dream was not achieved, his dream killed him. Gatsby’s great American Dream was bigger than reality itself which is why it was not possible to achieve it. Fitzgerald uses lots of symbolism in his novel to get across the idea that the American Dream is not attainable. One of the symbolisms that Fitzgerald uses to symbolize the American Dream is Gatsby’s big mansion.Fitzgerald writes: â€Å"The one on my right was a colossal affair by any standard – it was a factual imitation of some Hotel de Ville in Normandy, with a tower on one side, spanking new under a thin beard of raw ivy, and a marble swimming pool, and more than forty acres of lawn and garden† (Fitzgerald 9). Gatsby’s mansion symbolizes that the American Dream causes p eople to spend money irresponsibly and to live selfish lives. Materialism seems to be everything people think they need to achieve the American Dream which is why it is not possible to achieve it.Fitzgerald also uses the Valley of Ashes to symbolize the American Dream not being possible to achieve. Fitzgerald writes: â€Å"This is the valley of ashes – a fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens, where ashes take the form of houses and chimneys and rising smoke[†¦]of men dimly and already crumbling through the powdery air† (Fitzgerald 27). Fitzgerald uses the Valley of Ashes to symbolize the result of everyone’s pursuit of the American Dream and their pursuit of wealth. It is filled with ashes like it’s been burnt out and is filthy.It represents societal decay and is basically a dumping ground for everyone who has failed at achieving the American Dream. In the novel Fitzgerald always describes Daisy with l ight like she’s angelic. Critic Casie E. Hermanson writes: â€Å"Daisy is dressed in white and associated with light and sunshine throughout the novel [†¦] Gatsby’s own devotion to her has a permanence that Daisy cannot live up to , yet Gatsby seems committed to an idea of Daisy that he has created rather than to the real woman she is† (Hermanson 77). Daisy is always bright and described with light in the novel, which symbolizes Gatsby’s image of her that he has created.In his mind she is angelic and perfect and bright. But she is not the woman he thinks she is. She is far from being an angel. The symbolism that Fitzgerald used in the novel shows that the American Dream does not lead to any success. Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby is based around the immorality of the characters and how the unrealistic American Dream causes it. Gatsby’s American Dream causes him and Daisy to act immorally. â€Å"As he left the room again she got up and went over to Gatsby and pulled his face down kissing him on the mouth† (Fitzgerald 122). Gatsby’s dream is Daisy, who is one of the most immoral characters in the novel.As soon as Tom, Daisy’s husband, leaves the room Daisy cheats on him by kissing Gatsby. Gatsby’s Great American Dream was causing Daisy to be immoral and cheat on her husband. The American Dream is only causing immorality in the characters’ lives because it is so unrealistic and unreachable to Gatsby. Gatsby needed wealth to achieve his dream, eventually Tom figures out how he really got his wealth. â€Å"I found out what your ‘drug stores’ were. [†¦] He and this Wolfshiem bought up a lot of side-street drug stores here and in Chicago and sold grain alcohol over the counter [†¦] I picked him a bootlegger the first time I saw him†(Fitzgerald 139).Gatsby’s only way of achieving his dream and winning back Daisy’s love is by becoming wealt hy, so he became a bootlegger. Which is why Daisy chose Tom instead of Gatsby, it was a safer pick. Gatsby’s American Dream was so unrealistic and bigger than himself that he had to resort to immoral crime to try and achieve it. Not only does Gatsby create his own American Dream, but he recreates his whole past with lies to make his dream attainable. While Nick, the narrator of the novel, was getting to know Gatsby he caught him in his own lies when Gatsby told him that it took him three years to earn the money for his mansion. I thought you inherited your money†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ I did old sport [†¦] but I lost most of it in the big [†¦] panic of the war. † (Fitzgerald 95). Nick was surprised when Gatsby claimed that he earned the money to buy his house because Gatsby had preciously told Nick that he lived off of the money he inherited from family. Gatsby’s American Dream is not only causing him to commit crimes and try and steal a married woman from her husband, it also causes him to live a lie and make everyone around him believe his lie of a life.The American Dream is causing all of this immorality because it is not realistic and it is nothing more than a fantasy. Fitzgerald’s, The Great Gatsby, indicates through its characters and their behaviors and through the symbolism in the novel that the American Dream is unrealistic and cannot be achieved. From Gatsby’s unrealistic, bigger than himself image of the dream and the crimes and lies that he goes through to attempt to achieve the dream and from the immorality and the other characters actions it is indicated that the American Dream is nothing but a dream.It cannot be achieved especially not with the unrealistic images that Gatsby and some of the other characters create in their minds about the dream. The topic of the American Dream is still important in the real world because it sets a goal. Although sometimes the goal for people to work hard for. It gives peop le a purpose or something to dream of and try and work hard to achieve. Of course it is sometimes highly unlikely that a person will achieve the dream but it gives a sense of hope or something to look forward to.

Research Article Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research Article Critique - Essay Example The paper is tailored in the lines of shared governance concept and directed towards the determination of the relationship between the perceptions of governance and empowerment among the nurses in an acute care hospital unit with the implementation of shared governance model for a period of 6 to 12 months (Barden et al, 2011, p. 212). Research Questions or Hypotheses This research question is the central part of any research paper and it signifies the researcher’s endeavor in establishing some particular topic. The research question should be also specific as well and in some cases multiple questions are necessary in addressing any complex issues. The health professionals rely on the process in improving the delivery as well as the outcomes of the health care for the individuals and families and communities. Thus with the American health care system as a backdrop the authors have directed towards knowing the impact as well as effectiveness of the share governance practice for the hospital based nurse which is the prime hypothesis of the paper. The research question is as follows: â€Å"what is the relationship between perception of shared governance and empowerment among nurses who work in a professional governance structure in a hospital setting?† (Barden et al, 2011, p.215). Literature Review The review of the literature of a research paper directs towards the identification of the theoretical as well as the conceptual framework of the study. The literature review portion provides the base for identification of key variables and examining the relationships which needs to be tested and also establishes a setting beyond those of the study. In this paper theoretical framework has been well spun with Kanter’s theory which could be utilized in establishing shared governance structure. The authors also discussed about the linkage between the variables like that of magnet characteristics, certification as well as patient satisfaction (Barden et al, 2011, p.214). Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework of research includes the clinical problem, reviewing of the literature as well as determination of the research purpose. This phase also reflects the gaps in the literature as well. The authors have reflected the importance of shared governance and its significance through valid literature. But the gaps in the literature have not been properly mentioned. The model of shared governance does not protect the groups ganging up on others pushing through a change which is not accepted by all or many of the invested members. In this system, the faculty may be taking a certain decision which act as an impediment of the teaching or research of another member. Sample Selection of the sample is also crucial and it generally declares a plan in which the sample will be selected and the size is also important. With this the inclusion and exclusion criteria are also required to be incorporated for stipulating the exact characteristics which must be met for the participants in the study. The sampling included 348 nurses working in the study site facility in 13 units that had a shared governance model in place for at least 6 months to 1 year. The inclusion criteria are defined with medicine, surgery, neurology, orthopedics, oncology, and cardiology (Barden et al, 20

Cuban Revoultion and Cuban Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cuban Revoultion and Cuban Film - Essay Example Cuban women in this rural peasant society were expected to marry at an early age and usually to an older man who would be dependent on her work in the fields, as well as the work of the offspring she would bring him. She was about 14 when she was married to an older man, and not long after that had a child. The Cuban Revolution of 1959 gave birth to a fresh and vital national cinema that had not been seen in Cuba previously. The ICAIC (The Cuban Institute of Cinematographic Art and Industry) was created. Less than three months after the Batista regime was overthrown. Influenced by Contemporary, auteur-led film-making from the French New Wave to Brazilian Cinema Novo, a new generation of young, dynamic film-makers led to a creative explosion of challenging films and documentaries. The ICAIC became a haven for Non-conformist film-making and Latin American directors seeking refuge from political repression. Three of the most significant and internationally acclaimed of these new directors were Toms Gutirrez Alea, Santiago Alvarez (a documentary film-maker) and Julio Garca Espinosa. Alea is best known for his feature Memories of Underdevelopment (1968), a portrait of the bourgeois Sergio - a would-be writer who is alienated from post-revolution Cuba due to his former status. As he observes the new changes, both political and cultural, his distance forces him to confront the prejudices of his class and himself. It was this same year that Espinosa presented his manifesto 'For an Imperfect Cinema' when he argued that it was more important to make gritty, honest films that tried to create a dialogue with the audience rather than wash over them with high, glossy production values. The first feature by Humberto Sols was also a defining film in Cuban cinema from the 60s. Lucia (1968), is a trilogy of stories based on women named Lucia at different points in history: 1895, 1933 and the 60s. It may be deemed an example of Feminist film-making as each tale examines the changing roles and attitudes of Cuban women. One Way or Another (1974), by Sara Gmez, was one of the most Revered, quasi-documentary films studying gender relations and the survival of Machismo. Her untimely death (from an acute asthma attack in 1974) was a great loss for Cuban cinema. Portrait of Teresa (1979), by Pastor Vega, continued this Feminist exploration with the gritty portrayal of the demise of a marriage and it proved to be Cuba's most controversial film in twenty years. Lucia is actually three films in one, a historical survey of three periods in the modern day history of Cuba, seen from the perspective of three different women with the same given name who participate in the struggle for liberation which characterized these periods. In 1895, Lucia is seduced into betraying Cuban forces led by her own brother during the war for independence from Spain. In 1933, Lucia leaves her upper middle-class family and becomes involved through her lover in the overthrow of the Cuban dictator Machado and the ultimate betrayal of that revolution by the "pseudo-democracy" then established; a betrayal which leads ultimately to the establishment of the Batista dictatorship of the early 50's. In the 1960's, Lucia is taught how to read and write during Cuba's literacy campaign, and in the process she learns of her own rights as a woman under the new socialist dispensation, leading to a confrontation with her husband's

Independent critical evaluation of a planning model Essay

Independent critical evaluation of a planning model - Essay Example When we differentiate and assign the derivative to zero. Hence, and , so So profit is maximised when the output (q) is set to 10 Now, let us consider how we can investigate the model as a case study. The profit model is made up of two distinct sections i.e. Revenue and Costs. Revenue is based upon the linear demand equation and linear demand, consists of an intercept term and a slope term. Costs on the other hand, consist of two distinct entities i.e. a Fixed Cost (the cost of maintaining a business irrespective of level of output) and, a Variable Cost (the additional costs associated with changes in output). If we consider Revenue, then we are considering the product of the linear demand equation and output ('q'). We know that the linear demand equation consists of an intercept term and a slope term. Hence by creating changes in the coefficients associated with the linear demand equation, we can create changes in the Revenue equation. So, we can change the value of the Intercept term and/or the Slope term. Changes in either will create changes in the Revenue equation. Creating changes in the revenue equation will ultimately create changes in the Profit equation! Similarly, the cost equation consists of a fixed cost and a variable cost. Changes in either will cause changes in the Profit equation. Hence, the case study analysis is set up as follows: we will consider changes in the Fixed Cost, then changes in the Variable Cost, followed by changes in the intercept term and then in the slope term of the linear demand equation. Speaking about changes in the Fixed Cost look at graphs changes. Simply vertically moves the position of the graph of the equation. In the case of the Profit graph, a decrease in the... ), i.e. the minus sign outside the brackets of the TC effectively changed the sign of every term within the brackets when the brackets were removed! So 000 is our profit equation! Notice how it represents a quadratic equation with a negative sign in front of the 'squared' term. Such an indication tells us that we are looking at a MAXIMUM point. Let us plot a graph of our profit equation! Costs on the other hand, consist of two distinct entities i.e. a Fixed Cost (the cost of maintaining a business irrespective of level of output) and, a Variable Cost (the additional costs associated with changes in output). Hence by creating changes in the coefficients associated with the linear demand equation, we can create changes in the Revenue equation. So, we can change the value of the Intercept term and/or the Slope term. Hence, the case study analysis is set up as follows: we will consider changes in the Fixed Cost, then changes in the Variable Cost, followed by changes in the intercept term and then in the slope term of the linear demand equation. Speaking about changes in the Fixed Cost look at graphs changes. Simply vertically moves the position of the graph of the equation. In the case of the Profit graph, a decrease in the value of the fixed costs moves the profit graph upwards (and vice versa). Hence, the constant values (-2,000 and 150 in this case) are technically

Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Summary - Assignment Example His belief had borne fruit. Grameen Banks grew at astounding rate with 2400 branches across 78000 villages across the country. Grameen Bank, is a micro credit institution that is a self financing body. It gives out loan to the self help groups through members’ deposits. It helps to provide the poor with the necessary credit to start income generating activity and thereby raise their living standard. The members have to comply with the sixteen components of ‘decisions’ which contributes to improved socio-economic status of the community. The charter includes hygiene, restructuring of dilapidated house, no dowry, education for children etc. The genuine defaulters are given fresh lease through re-structured loan repayment schedule and if required, more finance to improve business prospects. The timely payment serves as incentive for higher loan amount. The example of Bangladesh micro credit institutions have now been taken up in other under developed countries for po verty alleviation. The concept of phone lady is highly innovative and connects the village with external linkages, while providing the person with cell phone, a profitable means of income generation. The proactive participation of non government agencies is also encouraged for improving the living standard of the poorest of the poor. Reference

Policy provision and legislation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Policy provision and legislation - Essay Example One that brings tears into our eyes than a smile on our faces, The human race is suspicious of our own kind that we are willing to spend exorbitant sums of money on the manufacturing and buying weapons of mass destruction and whole scale genocide without even giving it a second thought but find hundreds of thousands reasons and engage in heated debates when it comes to doling out money__ which is peanuts, as compared to the money we spend on tanks, aircrafts and guns__ for the education of our future generations and especially the nursery sector. Writer 2 The politicians in their ecstatic rhetoric at conferences, seminars, public rallies and cabinet meetings give great lectures on children being our most cherished and valuable resource. In fact we refer to them as the future of our nation but when the same politicians are confronted with the question of why they hesitate in adequately investing in our ‘bright future’ are rendered speechless. Further, they are all in unis on and speak in one voice when it comes to safeguarding their privileges and the issue of increase in their salaries and other fringe benefits they are entitled to being our elected representatives but are bitterly divided into factions on questions of child care, may it be health care or education. On this issue they seek the shelter of the umbrella of cliched terms and nomenclatures such as liberals, conservatives, neo-liberals, and the neo-cons. The introduction of an authoritative book on education titled Education Policy, Process, Themes and Impact, edited by Les Bell and Howard Stevenson, begins with this pithy quote: There was a time when educational policy was taken for granted †¦ Clearly that is no longer the case: Today, educational policies are Focus of considerable controversy and public contestation†¦ Educational policy-making has become highly politicized (Olsen et al 2004: 2-3). According to Gerhardt early child rearing is of prime importance in the social a nd cultural life of UK but because of a number of factors, unfortunately, among which political, social and economic factors are predominant the trend in child care, child rearing and child Writer 3 education are not child centered as it should be but instead are work oriented and money-centered. This is the crux of her argument and the main reason for making Britain a fragmented polis. Further Gerhardt is of the firm view that the negligence on the part of all the relevant stake holders, the government, the independent agencies, the teachers and the parents is responsible in bringing UK to this stage where to use a metaphor the early child education and child rearing has been completely neglected. This criminal negligence in not performing the task that is required of each stake holder honestly and with professional integrity and in case of parents criminal in fulfilling their parental duties that UK has been unable to produce good law knowing and law abiding citizens, who on the o ne hand are unaware of their respective rights and on the other hand their duties that they owe to the society, the recent London city riots are a good example. Our educational institutions have miserably failed in producing citizens that are less of an asset and more of a nuisance and liability and thereby are the cause of tremendous tension and threaten to rend to rags the fragile fabric of our polis. The most pertinent question that needs to be answered by all those

ATM Skimmers Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ATM Skimmers - Article Example The device is used for reading the magnetic strip of the ATM card; when the user passes the ATM card through the slot, unknowingly. These devices are usually used together with a miniature camera; that is attached to the ATM, and is used for reading the pin of the user. Another ATM skimming technique entails the criminals using a keypad overlay, which is similar to the legitimate ATM keypad, below it. When the customer operates the ATM machine, the fake keypad overlay is pressed, and the fake keypad records and wirelessly transmits key log details of the entered PIN. The device or devices illegally installed on the ATM are also referred to as skimmer (Hassibi, 2010). Recently installed ATMs have a picture of the genuine slot and keypad. This will effectively enable the consumers to detect attached foreign devices. The consumers should report detection of foreign devices attached on ATM to law enforcement officers or the financial services provider. Financial regulators must strive to minimize ATM skimming, so as to minimize financial losses and legal suits by affected consumers. This can be done through applying sophisticated algorithms to study the patterns of fraud. Financial services providers must also ensure the physical and technological security of their ATM

Why is the auto accident fatality rate so high for teenagers Essay

Why is the auto accident fatality rate so high for teenagers - Essay Example Analysts suggest 25 years as appropriate age for issuance of license. Certain countries are on the verge of passing law for licensing people at the age of 25. This will help in controlling ever increasing accidents in which teens are involved. However, various measures have helped in overcoming the teenage accidents. Teen age drivers are found involved in most of the traffic accidents in the world. Various factors contribute is increasing teenage car accidents. Important causes are night driving, use of alcohol, texting while driving, lack of driving skills, reckless driving, poor hazard detection and not wearing seat belts. National Highway Traffic Association released statistics in 2012 regarding teenage fatal and non-fatal accidents due to various causes (â€Å"Teenage Driver Crash Statistics†). According to statistics 16 years old cause 3.7 % more accidents than other age drivers. Crash rate for drivers between 16 to 19 years is 2.7 % more than any other age group. Accordingly citation is again 1.8% more in 16 years old drivers than other drivers. Alcohol used teenage drivers are causing 1.8% more accidents than other drivers in America. Teenagers are most dangerous when they are newly licensed. There are certain types of accidents where elders are mostly involved when compared to teenagers. Teenagers are inexperienced drivers after getting the license and this reason is major cause of accidents by them. Teenagers carrying teenager passengers are highly prone to accidents. Teenager passengers never try to correct driver on violations. Older drivers keep correcting teenage drivers while travelling in the same vehicle, which reduces the accident risk (â€Å"Teenage Driver Crash Statistics†). According to report published by pediatric, 5500 teenagers faced death due to automobile crashes in United States in year 2012. Few analysts do not agree but male teenagers’ cause 1% more accidents than females. Over speeding is a

The process of blacks in the Diaspora (Gambia) Religious Culture Research Paper

The process of blacks in the Diaspora (Gambia) Religious Culture - Research Paper Example Ghana sported thirty six out of the total forty two slave fortresses. In addition to Ghana, another eight African locations were utilised for shipping slaves. These included Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Bight of Benin, Bight of Biafra, Gold Coast, South East Africa, Central Africa and Senegambia. (Brown, 2000) The brunt of the slave trade was mostly borne by central and west Africa. West Africa alone contributed around three fifths of the total slave populations supplied. It is estimated that one half of slaves were exported to South America while 42% went to the Caribbean, 7% to North America and 2% went to Central America. The subsequent influence of these exported slaves was instrumental for culture in these regions. The focus of this text is to trace the religious influences of African slaves from the Senegambia region. African Americans were faced with two challenges. On the one hand they were trying to establish an independent identity and on the other hand they were cre ating various religious traditions. These religious traditions can be approximated in three articulate movements. The first stream represented results of the initial African contact with Christianity from Europe. The emerging religion was more African in character both liturgically and theologically. The second stream represented an extension of the first stream whereby religious practices developed in Africa migrated to the Americas. Though these beliefs and practices were modified in the Americas but the predominant influence remained African which aided in this stream being distinct. The third and final stream saw the amalgamation of borrowed ideals and concepts from Islam, Christianity and Judaism. These faiths and their concepts were woven as a novel fabric with visions of Africa as a historical power and in some instances as a future destination. These streams are discussed below to promote an understanding of religious influences under Diaspora. The first stream represented C hristian influences permeating into Africans often in direct proportion to the social class in question. The higher classes had lowest African influence and greatest Christian influence and vice versa. Traditional practices of hoodoo and voodoo as well as other derivatives of primitive West and West Central African religions crept into the newly adopted Christian faith. This was all the more apparent in the American South. Religious services saw the use of songs and dancing as well as the possession by the Holy Ghost during these services. Similarly the Caribbean witnessed Christianity imbued with overwhelming African content. This hybrid religion was connected with obeah, the use of supernatural powers to cause harms to others and to myalism, the use of herbs and spiritual resources in order to combat witchcraft and evil spells. Alternatively the religions of convince and kumina also took root. Convince involved respect for the Christian diety along with an active veneration of anc estors by spiritual healers known better as Bongo men. In a similar manner, kumina held ancestors in great veneration and ranked them after the sky gods and earthly deities. In contrast to the above, the second stream was more prominently experienced in Cuba and Brazil where reinvented African religion was the centre of religious attention. The various ethnic kinds of African slaves that were brought to Brazil maintained distinct identities by sticking to

Capital from profit Essay Example for Free

Capital from profit Essay Describe the sources of internal and external finance, available to Barneys business.  There are two main ways that business can access financial resources:  1. Internal sources ( within the business)  This is the money you can get within the business:  Owners savings- I believe Barney has some money for himself if he is thinking to start a new business, because its the owners who are often invest in their company to cover the setting up costs. It might be the only source they available immediately for them as for sole traders like Barney, banks or other financial institution unlikely to offer a loan as there is too much risk involved, and if you have that kind of money it is really good for the business as you will not have to pay it back by monthly or pay an interest. Capital from profit- this will become available after the business set up and operating. Once they have run for certain time, they may make some profit to invest into the business to run or buy more stock or buy new machinery to grow the business  2. External sources (outside the business)  There are number of different external sources that business can get money from to help them to set up or invest in. Banks- they can offer loans, overdrafts and business account to businesses but you will have to have a good business plan to get it. Loans are not easy to get and might not be a good option for small business as you must pay it back with interest in certain amount of time and if the company goes down the owner will end up with huge debt. The choice I would suggest is the overdraft for him as it is flexible and you wont have to pay a penny unless it is used, there are some banks who offer interest free overdraft, if you can get it will be a win! Friends/Family- you can always seek for help from your friends and families and you can even offer them a share for return of their investment or just borrow some money from them to put towards the business if they are nice enough. I would say it is the best option of borrowing money as you dont pay interest and it is your family they will not give you to court unless you run with their money. Government grants- these are available from the EU, national/local government. A grant is money you can receive as a business man; a good thing about it is that you dont have to pay it back. If Barney falls under the age group of 18-30 he can get a low interest loan from Princes Trust.  (a) The purpose of budgets, and how they can be used to monitor and control the performance of Barneys business, including, the monitoring of actual performance against budget and the use of variance analysis. Budget is a written plan with spending which will occur and a revenue that is need in the future to cover these costs. The purpose of it is it gives you clear understanding of what to expect to spend/receive in the future (coming year) to prevent or act any crisis before it happens. It also can be used as a communication between the employees to understand the objectives of the business and work towards it. For owners they can see how well their managers managing the budget plan and performance of them.

Ten Ways to Improve Your Interpersonal Skills Essay Example for Free

Ten Ways to Improve Your Interpersonal Skills Essay Don’t discount the importance of interpersonal skills in the workplace. How you are perceived by your manager and co-workers plays a large role in things as minor as your day-to-day happiness at the office and as major as the future of your career. No matter how hard you work or how many brilliant ideas you may have, if you can’t connect with the people who work around you, your professional life will suffer. The good news is that there are several concrete things that you can do to improve your social skills and become closer to your colleagues. All of these tools will ultimately help you succeed in today’s working world. Try these 10 helpful tips for improving your interpersonal skills: 1- Smile:-Â  Few people want to be around someone who is always down in the dumps. Do your best to be friendly and upbeat with your co workers. Maintain a positive, cheerful attitude about work and about life. Smile often. The positive energy you radiate will draw others to you. 2- Be appreciative:- Find one positive thing about everyone you work with and let them hear it. Be generous with praise and kind words of encouragement. Say thank you when someone helps you. Make colleagues feel welcome when they call or stop by your office. If you let others know that they are appreciated, they’ll want to give you their best. 3- Pay attention to others:- Observe what’s going on in other people’s lives. Acknowledge their happy milestones, and express concern and sympathy for difficult situations such as an illness or death. Make eye contact and address people by their first names. Ask others for their opinions. 4- Practice active listening:- To actively listen is to demonstrate that you intend to hear and understand another’s point of view. It means restating, in your own words, what the other person has said. In this way, you know that you understood their meaning and they know that your responses are more than lip service. Your coworkers will appreciate knowing that you really do listen to what they have to say. 5- People together:- Create an environment that encourages others to work together. Treat everyone equally, and dont play favorites. Avoid talking about others behind their backs. Follow up on other peoples suggestions or requests. When you make a statement or announcement, check to see that you have been understood. If folks see you as someone solid and fair, they will grow to trust you. 6- Resolve conflicts:- Take a step beyond simply bringing people together, and become someone who resolves conflicts when they arise. Learn how to be an effective mediator. If Co workers bicker over personal or professional disagreements, arrange to sit down with both parties and help sort out their differences. By taking on such a leadership role, you will garner respect and admiration from those around you. 7- Communicate clearly:- Pay close attention to both what you say and how you say it. A clear and effective communicator avoids misunderstandings with co workers, collegues, and associates. Verbal eloquence projects an image of intelligence and maturity, no matter what your age. If you tend to blurt out anything that comes to mind, people won’t put much weight on your words or opinions. 8- Humour them:- Don’t be afraid to be funny or clever. Most people are drawn to a person that can make them laugh. Use your sense of humour as an effective tool to lower barriers and gain people’s affection. 9- See it from their side:- Empathy means being able to put yourself in someone else’s shoes and understand how they feel. Try to view situations and responses from another person’s perspective. This can be accomplished through staying in touch with your own emotions; those who are cut off from their own feelings are often unable to empathize with others. 10- Dont complain:- There is nothing worse than a chronic complainer or whiner. If you simply have to vent about something, save it for your diary. If you must verbalize your grievances, vent to your personal friends and family, and keep it short. Spare those around you, or else you’ll get a bad reputation.

The Four Main Sources Of Islamic Law Religion Essay

The Four Main Sources Of Islamic Law Religion Essay Abstract: This chapter deals with the four main sources of Islamic Law. Its goal is to introduce some of the prevailing concepts of Islamic thought and to analyse the different disciplines and opinions that shape the practice of Islam today. It is known that there are four Muslim schools of thoughts. However, each differs in their interpretations . The primary sources, accepted universally by all Muslims, are the Quran and the Sunnah. It is however, in fields that they are silent that the secondary sources are to be used, thus the Ijma (consensus of opinion of scholars) and the Qiyas(laws derived through analogical deduction -analogy). Introduction: In the eighth century, a difference in legal approach arose amongst Islamic thinkers in two prevailing schools of thought. The traditionalists (ahl al-hadith) relied solely on the Quran and the Sunnah (traditions) of the Prophet as the only valid sources for jurisprudence, emanating from Medina. The non traditional approach (ahl al-ray) relied on the free use of reasoning and opinion in the absence of reliable ahadith, heralded in iraq . The difference in technique is because in Medina, there was an anundance of reliable ahadith that scholars could depend from, since the prophet lived the 1o yrs of his life there. On the other hand, the non traditionalist jurists had to depend on analogy as the sources were not as reliable in Iraq. The jurists had therefore to decide which of the Prophets actions and decisions were religiously binding and which were a mere function of his personal discretion. In general, the traditionalists eventuallt lent legislative significance to much of the Prophets decisions, where as the other school of thoughts tended to distinguish between the various roles that the Prophet played in his life. The sources of Islamic law was thus,Quran, Sunnah , ijma and qiya Throughout history these sources wereused in descendind order by muslim jurists in determining the legality of an issue. If the legality was not based on an explicit command in the quran, then the jurists would turn to the explicit commands in the hadith. Quran is the religious text of Islam. It is believed to be the word of God transmitted through the Prophet Muhammad.  [1]  The Sunnah is considered to be the religious actions, quotations and approvals of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, which was narrated through his Companions and Shia Imams. The Quran and the Sunnah state clearly the course of action that a Muslim should follow. Quran The Arabic word Quran is derived from the root qaraa, which means to read or to recite. Quran is the holy book of Islam. Muslims  believe that the Quran is the final revelation of Allah, that is, the literal word of God, revealed to the Prophet  Muhammad. The Quran was written and preserved during the life of Muhammad, and compiled soon after his death. The Quran consists of  114  surahs  (chapters) with over 6,000  ayat,(verses). However the exact number of ayat is disputed due to different methods of counting. The Quran is the first and most important source of Islamic law. The scripture specifies the moral, philosophical, social, political and  economic  basis on which a society should be constructed. Muslim jurists agree that the Quran in its entirety is not a legal code; rather its purpose is to lay down a way of life which regulates mans relationship with others and God.  The verses of the Quran are categorized into three fields: science of speculative theology, ethical principles and rules of human conduct. The third category is directly concerned with Islamic legal matters which contains about five hundred verses or one thirteenth of it. The task of interpreting the Quran has led to various opinions and judgments. The interpretations of the verses by Muhammads companions for Sunnis and  Imams  for Shias are considered the most authentic, since they knew why, where and on what occasion each verse was revealed. The sharia, foundations of Islamic law, are derived from verses from the Quran. The bulk of Quranic matter consists mainly of broad, general moral directives as to what the aims and aspirations of Muslims should be, the ought of the Islamic religious ethic. The most important external aid used in interpreting the meanings of the Quran is the  Hadith   the collection of Islamic traditions from which the details of early Islamic history are derived. The Shariah, foundatiosn of Islamic law, are derived from verses from the Quran. The Quran consists mainly of broad general moral directives that provide for the aims and objectives of a muslim. Essentially(#) because the directives are so broad, interpretation takes on a significant role, there have been so many different interpretations of the quran, claims widely read and revered Islamic thinker Abdul Aala Maududi that there is hardly to be found any command with an agreed interpretation. Nevertheless, the authenticity of quran has never been questioned by any muslim scholar or institution. Textual Criticism and the Quran Higher biblical criticism revolutionized Judaism and Christianity by calling into question long-held assumptions about the origins of the Bible; some ambitious textual critics are attempting to do the same for the Quran. They claim that parts of the Quran are based on stories of the  Tanakh  (Hebrew Bible), the  New Testament  of the  Christian  Bible, and other non-canonical Christian works; differences of the biblical to the Quranic versions suggest to some scholars that these stories were not taken directly from written texts but seem rather to have been part of the oral traditions of the Arab peninsula at Muhammads time. To Muslims, however, this explanation is topsy-turvy: the non-canonical Jewish and Christian stories are simply further textual corruptions of an otherwise nearly lost divine original reflected in the Quran. These critics also seek to find evidence of text evolution and transcription disputes in early Islam; the results have been meager, but some have expressed hopes that recent discoveries of Quran Graveyards in Yemen will throw more light on the subject. Belief in the Qurans direct, uncorrupted divine origin is fundamental to Islam; this of course entails believing that the Quran has neither errors nor inconsistencies. (This is the book in which there is no doubt, a guide to the believers: Surat  al-Baqarah, verse 2.) However, it is well-known that certain chronologically later verses supersede earlier ones the banning of wine, for instance, was accomplished gradually rather than immediately and certain scholars have argued that some verses which discourage certain practices (for instance,polygamy) without banning them altogether should be understood as part of a similar process, though others argue that this contradicts This day have I perfected your religion for you, completed My favor upon you, and chosen for you Islam as your religion (5.3). As to the basic message of the Quran, there are three fundamental points, repeated and restated throughout the work. They are as follows: this present physical life is a test; the afterlife is certain; our actions in this present life have consequences in the next. 1.2 Sunnah The Sunnah is the second source of Islamic law. Sunnah is an Arabic word which means Method. It was applied by the Prophet Muhammad as a legal term to represent what he said, did and agreed to. Its authority is derived from the text of the Quran. The Quran says, For you the life of the Prophet is a model of behaviour  (Al-Quran 33:21) Many of books of traditions were compiled by the companions of the Prophet. These were later on incorporated in the great collections of Hadith (i.e. traditions) of Bukhari, Muslim etc. The collectors of the traditions adopted a very scientific system in collection the Traditions. They did not record any tradition except with the chain of narrators. Every tradition gives the names of the last narrator of the tradition from whom he learnt the tradition and so on back to the Prophet or Companion of the Prophet. The Sunnah which is established through reliable narrators is fully dependable as legal element. The sunna of the Prophet generally means tradition and includes the following three categories: sayings of the Prophet; his deeds; and his silent or tacit approval of certain acts which he had knowledge of. The record of the Prophets words and deeds were recorded in narrative ahadith, reports that were transmitted before finally being compiled in authoritative collections decades after the death of the Prophet. Muhammad brought the Quranic teachings ti life through his interpretation and implementation. The Quran and Sunnah are complementary. The meaning of the Quran is general in nature, the Sunnah makes it specific and particular. The Sunnah explains the instructions of the Quran. The Quranic injunction is sometimes implicit, the Sunnah makes it explicit by providing essential ingredients and details. Ijma and Qiyas derive their value or authority from the Quran and the Sunnah. Therefore, they are called dependent sources. 1.3 Ijma The third source of law, Ijma or the consensus of scholars signifies the importance of delegated legislation to the Muslim community. The Muslim society requires such a rule making power to meet the practical problems for the implementation of Islamic Shariah (Islamic Law). Ijma has been technically defined as the consensus of the jurists of a certain period over a religious matter. Ijma is considered a sufficient evidence for action because the Prophet if Islam said, Muslim will never agree on a wrong matter. As such the agreement of the scholars of Islam on any religious matter is a source of law in Islam (Ref: Principles of Islamic Jurispredence by M. Hashim Kamali). Ijma or unanimous agreement Ijma constitutes the unanimous agreement of a group of jurists of a particular age on a specific issue and constitutes the fourth and final source of law in Shafiis methodology. If questions arose about a Quranic interpretation or an issue where no there no guidance from either the Quran or sunna, jurists applied their own reasoning (ijtihad) to come to an interpretation. Through time, one interpretation would be accepted by more and more doctors of law. Looking back in time at the evolved consensus of the scholars, it could be concluded that an ijma of scholars had been reached on this issue. 8 Unfortunately, unanimous agreement rarely happened among intellectual elite and since there were always diverse opinions, one could always find several scholars of the day who concurred on an issue. Also, the definition of ijma and which ijma would be considered valid was a point of contention, because ijma is not simply the consensus of all past jurists. Besides, using the concept of ijma po ses the problem of having to look to the past to solve the problems of the future, and scholars of yesteryear didnt wrestle the same issues that are challenging Muslims today. 1.4 Qiyas or analogy qiyas, is the fourth important source of Islamic law, is reasoning by analogy. In order to apply qiyas to similar cases, the reason or cause of the Islamic rule must be clear. For example, because the Quran clearly explains the reason that consumption of alcohol is prohibited (because it makes the user lose control of his actions), an analogy can be drawn to drugs which induce the same affect. But because the Quran does not specifically state the reason why pork is prohibited, Muslims cannot justify banning another meat product with a similar cholesterol level, etc. The use of analogies greatly varied among scholars; for example, Spains Ibn Hazm (10th century) who was formidable proponent of the Zahiri school, rejected the use of qiyas, whereas Imam Abu Hanifa of the Hanafi school (8th century) applied them extensively. Qiyas or analogy is resorted to in respect of problems about which there is no specific provision in the Quran or the Sunnah of the Prophet. In such issues, the scholars have derived law through analogical deduction on the basis of the provisions of the Quran and the Sunnah on some similar situation. The scholars have developed detailed principles of analogical deductions or Qiyas in the books of Islamic jurisprudence. Qiyas is a kind of Ijtihad. The Prophet has permitted Ijtihad which literally means to exert. Technically it means to exert with a view to form an independent judgement on a legal issue. Ijtihad is the Islamic method of facing the new situations and problems in the light of the general principles of the book of Allah SWT), the Quran and the traditions of the Prophet or the Sunnah. Apart from Qiyas, there are other methods of Ijtihad such as Istihsan (that is the juristic preference from different interpretations) and Masalaha (that is moral consideration). In addition to the above sources, the practices of the Khulafa-e-Rashidun (the first four rulers of Islam), the decisions of the judges and the customs of the people are also considered sources of Islamic law in matters which are not spelled out in the Quran and the Sunnah. Conclusion: However the traditions of the prophet have been questioned for their authenticity. It was also debated as to what extent were the traditions religiously imperative(look for word). The use of analogies was greatly debated. Also there was little unanimous agreement among the Islamic scholars about the inexplicit issues.

Medical Intervention for Intersexed Children: Gender Unknown Essay

Medical Intervention for Intersexed Children: Gender Unknown What makes a person male or female? Who has the right to choose what sex a person should be? These are some common questions that parents have to face when their child is born as an "intersexed". "Intersex is a general term used for any form of congenital (inborn) mixed sex anatomy." A person who is considered intersexed has some parts of their sexual anatomy that look female and some that look male (Dreger). In the United States, "intersexed" is a taboo. Most people don't like to talk about sex, let alone, abnormalities having to do with sexual anatomy. Dreger stated, "1 in 2,000 children [are] born with genitals that are pretty confusing..." That means that being intersexed is more common than a well known medical condition, cystic fibrosis (2004). It makes one wonder that since this particular condition happens so often, why doesn't society speak more freely about it? When a child is first born and the gender is not quite clear, doctors will test the infant in many ways to determine which sex the baby should be. Some of the tests include, chromosomal, hormonal, and anatomical. The doctors also factor in the ability to create "functional" genitalia with the tissue that is already present. "Functional" usually means, "the ability to use the genitals for penetrative intercourse"(Yronwode). However, doctors usually choose to make the baby into a female because female genitalia is easier to construct (Beh & Diamond). Holmes wrote, "Invasive surgeries are thus carried out on children who are either pre-linguistic or unable to speak for themselves as legal minors." A child has a right to their body just as every human being does. He/she just does not have a v... ...Alice D. Ph.D (n.d.). What is Intersexuality. Retrieved March 16, 2004, from http://www.pflagdetroit.org /what_is_intersexuality. Htm Greenberg, Julie A. (1998, Feb.). ISNA's Amicus Brief on Intersex Genital Surgery. Retrieved March 16, 2004, from, http://www.isna.org/drupal/book/view/97?PHPSESSID=eeac2c6a4d64c46 410e664b3f75d 424a Holmes, Morgan. (1995). Queer Cut Bodies: Intersexuality & Homophobia In Medical Practice. Retrieved March 27, 2004, from, http://www.usc.edu/isd/archives/ queerfrontiers/queer/papers/holme s.long.html Laurent, Bo. (1994 Nov.). Sexual scientists question medical treatment of hermaphroditism. Retrieved March 27, 2004, from http://inquirer.gn.apc.org/intersex.html Yronwode, Althaea.(n.d.).Intersex Individuals Dispute Wisdom Of Surgery On Infants. Retrieved March 27, 2004, from, http://www.luckymojo.com/tkintersex. html

LITERATURE REVIEW: Theories on Student Attrition :: Essays Papers

LITERATURE REVIEW: Theories on Student Attrition Since the early 70s theorists have pondered the causes of college dropout. Generally referred to as â€Å"student attrition,† this problem has spurred numerous causal theories and theoretical models. Vincent Tinto led the research with his revolutionary 1973 study, which he later revised (1987) amid criticism from other luminaries in the field, most notably Bean, Astin, Terenzini, and Pascarella. It is on the work of these scholars (including also Tinto) that all modern research in the student attrition field is based. I found and will review in brief some of the extensive research from Tinto to the present, including the basic criticisms therein. I will further explain the steps some colleges are currently taking to counteract this increasingly important issue. Little or no research was conducted on student attrition prior to Tinto, and every piece of research I found contained several references to him and his work. Ishitani and DesJardins claim that the majority of research on the subject has been based on Tinto’s model (7), as does Metz in his research review (4). Metz, however, goes on to assert that Tinto’s main source was a certain Rites of Passage, by Arnold van Gennep. Focusing on the anthropological perspective of human â€Å"rites of passage,† van Gennep’s study elucidates the basic human nature behind much of the college experience. Tinto primarily utilizes the chapter entitled â€Å"Initiation Rites† in his model, a chapter in which van Gennep claims â€Å"that physiological puberty and ‘social puberty’ are essentially different† (Gennep 65). Tinto sees the transition from high school to college as a form of this â€Å"social puberty.† Tinto further a rgues that the maturation process is â€Å"marked by three distinct phases or stages, each with its own specialized ceremonies and rituals†¦[e]ach serv[ing] to move individuals from youthful participation to full adult membership in society† (Tinto 92). College, according to van Gennep and Tinto therefore, is simply part of this sociological maturation process. Tinto’s original theory involved five specific factors that contributed to student retention: (1) a student’s pre-entry attributes (prior schooling and family background); (2) goals and commitment (the student’s individual aspirations in the institution); (3) experience at the institution (academics and faculty and peer interactions); (4) external commitments while at the institution; (5) integration both academically and socially (Metz 4).

Stereotypes :: essays research papers

Stereotypes are the organizational factors that virtually shape the way we think in 20th century America. They somehow manage to categorize some of life’s most complex matters into nice distinct sections. Classifications and organization, at first glance seem to be useful in distinguishing various aspects of modern life. However, these grouping methods can be very inaccurate, leaving erroneous ideas in the minds of citizens on a global level. Stereotypes, though originating as convenient sorting mechanisms, instead, influence our thinking process. By instituting broad categories, establishing virtually immovable terms, and, often, being mistakenly identified as facts, stereotypes affect the mental process of humans. Originally used as an organizational tool, stereotypes were simply broad generalizations about subject matters. These ideas weren’t necessarily meant to cause the feelings of anger that they do today, but to classify ideas. However, possibly the most apparen t problem with stereotypes is that the sort very intricate subject matter into large, broad categories. For example, human beings are too complex to use generalizations like, â€Å"all blondes are dumb† or â€Å"all smart people are nerds.† Stereotypes use wide terms, to simplify subject matter, but this attempt often ends in an inaccurate result. Despite their wide generalizations, stereotypes establish virtually immovable terms. For example, Third World countries were hastily grouped together not because of social or economic similarities, but out of convenience. Since that time, the industrialized nations have harbored this stereotype that the third world is land of starving children and savage tribes. Despite decades of vast improvement, this stereotype remains unchanged. This rigid stereotype has caused many citizens to embrace a false view of the Third World nations and its citizens. Stereotypes, clearly, should not be mistaken for factual information. Although t here may be a certain amount of truth to the statement, the generalization is often inaccurate. Unfortunately, many people believe this information to be not only truthful, but factual. Since most Americans have not visited a Third World country, they believe many misconceptions to be true. In reality, these stereotypes are often wrong. They may apply in some instances, but they should not be considered factual.

Farmers dbq Essay

In the late nineteenth century, twenty years after the Homestead Act, farmers used their land in the western plains to produce both crops and profits. The farmers of this time struggled in the agricultural way of life by facing economic and political obstacles that were impossible to avoid, requiring them to do something about their complaints. Although the farmers had plausible arguments for most of their criticisms, their beliefs of the silver standard and overproduction sometimes could not be backed up. However, farmers continued to struggle between inevitable issues like the currency debate, constant debt and rising costs. The debate over United States currency was a huge obstacle for farmers to overcome because they were in direct relation to the money crisis. In 1890 and 1892 with the Ocala and Omaha Platforms, farmers wanted free and unlimited coinage of silver so they could pay off any debt. A chart showing United States Population and Money in Circulation in 1865-1895 (Document C), shows how after a period of less money in circulation in the 1870s was resolved in the 1880s by the Bland-Allison Act which was later replaced by the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in 1890. Both of these acts were passed in Congress to provide free coinage of silver. The reasoning for the silver standard in the Populist platform in 1892 (Document A) was justified by the same reasoning as William Jennings Bryan in his â€Å"Cross of Gold† speech. Both describe how the conspiracy that the gold standard is better because England still uses it questions why America became an independent nation. However, the farmers still remained defeated on the currency debate because of the gold bug president gaining control of office. One of the biggest struggles for the farmers was not being able to pay off debt. They borrowed extravagant amounts of money from the bank at high interest rates, but this complaint was reasonable because one could not be a farmer without taking these risks. During Grover Cleveland’s second non-consecutive year in office a horrible four-year depression occurred called the Panic of 1893. This panic was caused by over speculation in the stock market and over expansion of railroads; both of these decisions made by the eastern president, Cleveland. As depicted in A Farmer’s Voice, a Chicago newspaper, (Document D) an eastern leader, Cleveland, takes his western slaves, the farmers, to the courthouse because the farms have been foreclosed. Farm foreclosures, a twenty percent unemployment rate and the cause for Cleveland to return to the gold standard, were effects of the Panic of 1893. Ultimately, this depression added to the unavoidable obstacle of debt.

An Examination of Bias in Focus on the Family’s Website Essay

Part of the job with criticizing religion is the fact that any exertion to tap yields a label of bigotry. In some other words, if you appargonnt motion or criticize a religious movement the result is that the person putting forth the check is an anti-Semite or anti-Christian. plot in many cases, this is true, further in other cases, that is simply non the case.But, because of the emotional hamper to religious beliefs particularly the beliefs of individuals who hold unafraid fundamentalist beliefs any attempt to question is met with anger. This is even when the recognize being questi oned is something that is perfect(a) opinion open to debate and non a fact that is set in stone. Dr. James dobson, the head of the Evangelical throng direction on the Family, is hardly an stupid(p) man.He is a published seed and charismatic leader of a wide-ranging denomination of conservative Christian groups. While thither will be those who ar dismissive of Christian conservative scarce because they are, well, Christian conservatives, is childish. Criticism about semipolitical or sociological issues derived from bias and opinion, however, is bazaar game for debate. One such issue of contention on the website involves the assertion that gayness can be cured. To this regard, the website statesHomosexuality is more than likely to be related to one or more of the following (1) perplexity of role models seen in parents, including, but not limited to, a dominant dumbfound and a weak or hit father (2) serious family dysfunction that wounds and modify the child (3) early sexual insult (4) the influence of an older homosexual during a critical period of adolescence (5) conscious filling and cultivation and/or (6) homosexual experimentation, such as mutual masturbatory activity, by boys in early adolescence. How do these and other forces interplay in individual circumstances? I take upt know. I dont think anyone knows.An Examination of Bias in Focus on t he Familys Website paginate 2 On the other hand, I am certain that homosexuality does not result from irresistible genetic influences, as some would have us believe. (dobson) To take these statements are biased and agenda operate would be an understatement. While Dobson is entitle to his opinions, the operative word here is opinion. The statements do in that excerpt are presented as fact when, in reality, at that place is no empirical proof that they are factual. Instead, the statements are presented to provide circular logic believability to a socio-political agenda.Now, it is well within Dobsons right to present his face of the issue. However, it is not a balanced psychometric test of the issue and it contradicts a wealth of psychiatric and sociological study on the issue. Because of this, there is a great deal of noetic dishonesty in these statements of homosexuality. A more proper examination would present Dobsons opinion while acknowledging there are other opinions on th e outlet from professional fields, include a commendation from a peer reviewed journal on the theatre and then provide a link to a website that provides an alternate visor of view.This does not mean that Dobson should withdraw from his beliefs nor should Focus on the Family retract their statements, but the organization would be far get around served presenting an unbiased look at the subject and avoid presenting opinion as fact. Bibliography Focus on the Family. (2007) http//listen. family. org/daily/A000000198. cfm Dobson, James. (2006) Do You trust Homosexuality is Inherited. Retrieved 4 February 2007. http//family. custhelp. com/ cgi-bin/family. cfg/php/enduser/std_alp. php? p_sid=6n4Jcohi

Hayleys Consumer HR policy

You dont need to get a team policy on every aspect of your organization.Hayleys Consumer new Products limited hosts home for many of the world renown brands in Sri ancient Lanka such as Downy, Gillette, Olay, Whispers, Tide, Pantene, Kiwi, Pringles, Fujifilm, GP Batteries, 3M, Head and Shoulders, late Philips and etc. These brands are basically operated under few divisions such as Consumer Lighting, Consumer functional Imaging and Information, Consumer Healthcare, P;G products, New Business development.There is a supermarket channel owned by the Hayleys consumer named Haymart and there are outlets owned by Hayleys for perspective different brands such as Hayleys Caf © Pixel for consumer imaging and information and Lighting little craft for consumer lighting. Hayleys consumer products have reached a range of 70, 000 outlets throughout the whole country and expanding their business day by day as the corporate leader of the Sri Lankan market.It late helps to have a sample policy w hen youre prepared to make your own.The share higher prices of the Hayleys group have also increased despite facing tough competition and rapidly changing market conditions. Investments made by the group has also rapidly increased within the past few years, this has especially been total true for the leisure sector. 2.Examination on the five HR roles at Hayleys Consumer World of Hayleys has a proper Human resource management system under it, the world of Hayleys has a small group HR department to control the HR activities of the companies under the group and each daughter new company of the group has a separate HR department to control the HR activities going on dark inside the company.

Legal counsel A policy thats assessed by legal counsel needs to be shared with employees.There how are permanent staff and also contract staff working under Hayleys consumer. Service very center is providing all these people with a maximum service for their betterment. All the HR functions are computerized at Hayleys consumer and the news and information is passed through email to the administrative and senior executive staff, including their pay role and other relevant information every month, those additional information for the other Junior staff with no company email address is given manually. The HR central system is outsourced atHayleys Consumer and all the details of every employee working under Hayleys consumer is inserted into the system where click all the necessary details could be taken in a few seconds at the finger tips.Developing a recruitment policy how that is proper is your step in an effective hiring practice.That is the main time where outsourcing what comes in for the service center, and the evaluation is done through the company HR department. The provident general fund at Hayleys consumer is the same as the group it is a private provident fund not such like many of the other private companies in the country and the employees have quick access to their fund through he HR service center. . 2 Corporate HR Corporate HR usually lies on old building a connection between the companys strategic goals and the flow of Human resource objectives.

You should make and old keep up a separate file for every one of your employees.The Management Trainee program done by the group HR department along with the company HR departments is a good example of how the corporate HR works within Hayleys Consumer.Even when hiring interns for the consumer the group HR gives a much better help in selecting the best to succeed towards he strategic goals of the corporate. When a division in the company ask unlooked for a new recruitment the HR division goes through their information bases and do the surveys to select the best fit for the position to make the path easier to achieve strategic goals. The recruitments vocational training and development is done and the objectives of HR are set in a way which the small group strategic goals can be achieved.HR Policy Manual A HR policy manual for smaller businesses start with the needed policies.At Hayleys consumer the mbedded role in HR is not identified as vital and important and logical not give n much of an attention by the HR department of the company. The HR manager old has direct links with the managers and the staff of the organization and opens up to connect discuss any issue or matter regarding their work but the discussions needed to be done to acknowledge the managers are not done properly.Sometimes the HR manager doesnt know the vital situations in the company where there are threats for some employees Jobs where there how are threats that some divisions could be closed down in the near future and the HR assistant manager should have a clear understanding about such ituations to provide those employees with Job opportunities at most least in some other company in the group but apparently the HR manager in the consumer products is forget not well aware of such facts, but the manager should be aware and should be able to provide necessary divine guidance for the employees in such situations. .

In the era of today, businesses big and small how have a challenge not to just help develop their workers, but to guarantee compliance start with the requirements of employment law.2. 5 Operational Executor This role is basically to check whether the other five roles how are going in order to achieve the goals both HR and strategic for the organization.This role is click done by the group HR for the consumer products limited and given much of a such notice where the HR roles are carried through well within the organization. Every month a report is asked by the group HR department from the consumer HR department to check whether everything is in line according to the plan.Many years earlier, our business grew from three to eight workers in a time same period that was really brief.Employees need to be favorable and collaborative.

Employees need to have a rational comprehensive comprehension of the procedure thatll be followed for termination and discipline.Employees are our asset logical and play a vital role in our companys achievement.They ought to know the advantages deeds that they will receive in addition when he is hired.They need to address the coverage of the organization on the new job on the hidden weapons.

Bucket List

pose identify The bucket magnetic dip was an awed celluloid it was a moving-picture show that showed cardinal quondam(a) workforce on a travel to expose the kernel of carriage. Mr. Edward gelt a incarnate billionaire and a donnish workman Carter put up met in the infirmary because they twain had Cancer. The fourth diwork forcesion that they worn- pop(a) unitedly in the infirmary did non scarcely bring them great familiarity al ace to a fault in concert they frame the pleasance and content of behavior. slice seance in the hospital to winher soft anxious(p) from malignant neop dyingic disease they unflinching that they were non machinate to run low and they equ commensurate had a cope of things they precious to do for themselves forrader it was withal ripe. So, they be take away a bucket list, and unflinching to go pop come out of the closet the hospital and do everything that they etern all(prenominal)y valued to do. Carter hous e was wed to his darling wife, Virginia, for 45 geezerhood he had a skilful conjugal union and a marvelous family still, Mr. chamber tangle as if something was wanting.He explained that for the remainder cardinal v eld of his living were in the main dedicated to his family and wife, right off he wants to progress to metre for himself and do the things he ever so precious to do, besides didnt get a meet to do. regular though his coadjutor Edward simoleons was a billionaire he excessively matt-up as if in that respect was something missing out of his purport, he had a bulk of property and galore(postnominal) divorces, and a young lady that he has non utter with, that didnt make him finger resembling he had the veritable convey to liveness.As a soulfulness approaches late heavy(a)hood, wellness problems argon non solely the issue, but problems regarding geniuss convey of liveness. twain of these men mat up restless or incomplete, with t heir boilersuit feeling, they were both agony from a remainder disease, and they both matt-up if they were deviation to expire they cherished exhale know they got the beat out of spiritedness, with no regrets, and lived life to the fullest. both(prenominal) Edward and Carter where demonstrating Eriksons stopping point gunpoint of development. His farthest pegleg is fair play vs. espair hoping that one leave alone progress skill of wisdom so that individual will not be venerateful of final stage. Erikson believes that ofttimes of life was preparing for the halfway adult pegleg and the last story is to recover from it. When a individual is older and is able to evaluate their life with happiness, and feels fulfil with a indistinct wizard of life and marrow is when that psyche is experiencing integrity. If a person is experiencing that they failed at life, and incur no consequence to life this is when the person is displaying despair. They fear dea th because they have not got all out of life

Early history of Islam Essay

Islam is a pietism metrical unit upon the capitulation to immortal who is wholeness. The very(prenominal) c at unmatched timern of the religion, al-islam in Arabic, room at formerly introduction and relaxation, for it is in submitting to divinity fudges whole toldow for that pitying bes execute heartsease in their lives in this do of import of a function and in the hereafter. The pass on of Islam concerns deity, who in Arabic is called Allah, and it addresses itself to realitys more or less duncical nature. It concerns massageforce and women as they were created by immortal non as go bes. Islam for that movement gives itself to be non an transmutation tho a re evidence of the widely distri howevered virtue of all disclosure which is immortals Oneness.Moreover, get-go as the conviction of a miniscule federation of commitrs in Arabia in the ordinal century, Islam pronto becomes one of the main public religions. The bone marrow of this c redence is the assent that Muhammad (c. 570-632), a reckon businessman in Mecca, a mercenary and phantasmal aggregate and soul in westerly Arabia, trus iirthy revealings from God that train been keep in the show up book. The heart of this revealed subject matter is the proof that at that perpetrate is no god entirely Allah (The God), and Muhammad is the courier of God. The depot Islam comes from the Arabic word-root s-l-m, which has a common land indication to peace and patience.Particularly, Islam office conformation to the get out of God, and a Muslim is one who makes that submission. This submission or move of Islam meat looktime a flavor of obedience and act as specify in the volume and participating in the manner of the participation of believers. The burden of this Moslem intent is typically state to be the quin Pillars of Islam openly military strength get a line to the radical affirmation of opinion verbalise plus prayers lo uvre generation a sidereal sidereal day self-restraint during the calendar month of Ramadan better-looking a bill or alms for obtain of the inadequate and do a travel to Mecca at to the lowest degree once end-to-end the believers supporttime, if this is possible.In addition, Muslims believe that Islam is the substantive mo nonheistic credence entitle by prophets throughout history. The script is not seen as presenting a bracing revelation just quite a as providing a complete, precise, and wherefore final exam record of the essence that had previously been abandoned to Abraham, Jesus, and other primarily prophets. As the foothold for a historic fellowship and customs duty of belief, nevertheless, Islam begins in Mecca with the life and work of Muhammad in the first s blushth century.Islam possesses a apparitional police force called al-Shariah in Arabic which rein the life of Muslims and which Muslims inclination as to be the shape of the pull up stakes of God. The Shariah is contained in rationale in the Koran as detailed and complemented by the Sunnah. On the radical of these principles the schools of constabularyfulness which ar followed by all Muslims to this day were develop primevalish in Muslim history. This righteousness, duration being advance in the sources of the Islamic revelation, is a backing organic structure of law which caters to the desires of Islamic society.Islamic laws ar fundamentally tour of duty and atomic physique 18 not establish on unpitying penalisation besides as a death measure. The faith of the Muslim causes him to restrain honour for the rights of others and Islamic Law is much(prenominal) that it prevents misdeed from taking place in most(prenominal) instances. That is why what plenty consider to be revengeful punishments are so rarely in neediness of being applied. Furthermore, the blossom forth of Islam was not qualified to its nasty earlyish expandi ng upon distant of Arabia. During afterwards centuries the Turks embraced Islam serenely as did a capacious number of the peck of the Indian subcontinent and the Malay-speaking valet de chambre.In Africa as hale, Islam has dish out during the chivalric two centuries even downstairs the sound mightiness of europiuman colonial rulers. right away Islam continues to grow not further in Africa but as well in Europe and the States where Muslims right away catch up with a gravid minority. References Exploring the antique world Cultures, Retrieved on November 29, 2006 at http//eawc. evansville. edu/ispage. htm Historiography of early Islam, Retrieved on November 29, 2006 at http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam

Analysis of Addiction Service

synopsis of habituation attend to Colin ORourke Sankalpa dependance function Sankalpa is a Sanskrit intelligence receipts inwardness thought form or flightiness form in the centerfield or mind, a sincere anathema or tendency to perform and a commit or distinct intention. archives of the means The millennium Carvings platform which was naturalised in 1998 and was shop and funded by FAS and the local do medicates classuriency pull (LDTF). k instantlying to bed refilling programs for stabilize or motive do drugs users in the Finglas/ Cabra sector it expanded holistic programs exploring soulfulness creative view unitedly with redress replenishment programs. millenary Carvings evolved into Sankalpa and continue to execute an holistic and remedy surround utilising prowess and creativity. This allows knobs insert in their start kayoed convalescence bidding dapple addressing more or less of the complex take of livelihooder user s through individual(prenominal) knowledge and root word engage. The LDTF now figure Sankalpa stay to the depicted object medicine Strategy. effect Ethos A sustainable lane place of colony confidential information towards a shade of retrieval in Finglas & Cabra, built by allow organizations and service users on the job(p) in solidarity The device characteristic temperament underpinning the Sankalpa finishing is that of lymph gland concern cure environs in a creative, holistic milieu, the fierceness organism on federation. In creating this community that enables the nodes to ex mixture inalienableally, the realisation organism that the node understands what motivates them demote than the healer, change comes from within. It is recognise that the birth among the guest and the therapist is of blossoming brilliance when evaluating the success of the curative process, and that the rear end of retrieval is this relationship. Aims Sankalpa grad e to look on the high-handedness and rights of the guest in a in effect(p) and good environment succession accord that doctor debt instrument for all addiction is the duty of the client that veritable it. In doing so it hopes to invoke intrinsic price in a remedial environment that determine skill with a get wind to facilitating the better process. It is believed that the remedy process is back up by creating a stead where drug associate rail at is minimised and where swell up set up levels of drug work be make available. best put and exhibit ground interventions be baffleed to be utilised as is the support of non medical exam discourse of pain. Sankalpa count on to call down line of work solve and critical thinking with their clients composition be full and spread out tending(p) in their affairs. Objectives To get hold of their aims Sankalpa kip down role programs time utilising trained mental faculty who argon rivet on achieving t he desire outcomes by universe part of the continuum of clients retrievaland linking and partnering with some other agencies to tending in this continuum. Sankalpa supportclients by whirl CE schemes to sanction with miserable on to betrothal and increment. Theyoffer accepted barely procreation to clients presenting with addiction issues or steady ontheir medication and serve motivated clients in the continuum of recovery by elan of thedevelopment and effectuation of their alterative mock up. What resistant of interference climb up underpins the execution? The Sankalpa healthful model is psycho cordial, client touch and show based. It utilises structure interventions the aim world to edit out or stabilise the harms associated with illegitimate drug use. The remedy work is in general do in groups and uses cognitive look Therapy (CBT), fraternity financial backing antenna (CRA), motivational Interviewing (M.I) and Mindfulness. maven to 1 session s embarrass intent setting, reviews and assessments. It is dumb by employees of Sankalpa that rile to education and usage that may previously have been out of murder referable to social expiration finish be the instauration of fortunate recovery.